Choosing the right database is a critical choice when building any software application. All databases have different strengths and weaknesses when it comes to performance, so deciding which database has the most benefits and the most minor downsides for your specific use case and data model is an important decision. Below you will find an overview of the key concepts, architecture, features, use cases, and pricing models of Elasticsearch and MariaDB so you can quickly see how they compare against each other.

The primary purpose of this article is to compare how Elasticsearch and MariaDB perform for workloads involving time series data, not for all possible use cases. Time series data typically presents a unique challenge in terms of database performance. This is due to the high volume of data being written and the query patterns to access that data. This article doesn’t intend to make the case for which database is better; it simply provides an overview of each database so you can make an informed decision.

Elasticsearch vs MariaDB Breakdown


 
Database Model

Distributed search and analytics engine, document-oriented

Relational database

Architecture

Elasticsearch is built on top of Apache Lucene and uses a RESTful API for communication. It stores data in a flexible JSON document format, and the data is automatically indexed for fast search and retrieval. Elasticsearch can be deployed as a single node, in a cluster configuration, or as a managed cloud service (Elastic Cloud)

MariaDB can be deployed on-premises, in the cloud, or as a hybrid solution, and is compatible with various operating systems, including Linux, Windows, and macOS.

License

Elastic License

GNU GPLv2

Use Cases

Full-text search, log and event data analysis, real-time application monitoring, analytics

Web applications, transaction processing, e-commerce

Scalability

Horizontally scalable with support for data sharding, replication, and distributed querying

Supports replication and sharding for horizontal scaling, as well as query optimization and caching for improved performance

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Elasticsearch Overview

Elasticsearch is an open-source distributed search and analytics engine built on top of Apache Lucene. It was first released in 2010 and has since become popular for its scalability, near real-time search capabilities, and ease of use. Elasticsearch is designed to handle a wide variety of data types, including structured, unstructured, and time-based data. It is often used in conjunction with other tools from the Elastic Stack, such as Logstash for data ingestion and Kibana for data visualization.

MariaDB Overview

MariaDB is an open-source relational database management system (RDBMS) that was created as a fork of MySQL in 2009 by the original developers of MySQL, led by Michael Widenius. The primary goal of MariaDB was to provide an open-source and community-driven alternative to MySQL, which was acquired by Oracle Corporation in 2008. MariaDB is compatible with MySQL and has enhanced features, better performance, and improved security. It is widely used by organizations worldwide and is supported by the MariaDB Foundation, which ensures its continued open-source development.


Elasticsearch for Time Series Data

Elasticsearch can be used for time series data storage and analysis, thanks to its distributed architecture, near real-time search capabilities, and support for aggregations. However, it might not be as optimized for time series data as dedicated time series databases. Despite this, Elasticsearch is widely used for log and event data storage and analysis which can be considered time series data.

MariaDB for Time Series Data

While MariaDB is not specifically designed for time series data, it can be used to store, process, and analyze time series data due to its flexible and extensible architecture. SQL support, along with analytics optimized storage engines like ColumnStore make it suitable for handling time series data at smaller levels of data volume.


Elasticsearch Key Concepts

  • Inverted Index: A data structure used by Elasticsearch to enable fast and efficient full-text searches.
  • Cluster: A group of Elasticsearch nodes that work together to distribute data and processing tasks.
  • Shard: A partition of an Elasticsearch index that allows data to be distributed across multiple nodes for improved performance and fault tolerance.

MariaDB Key Concepts

  • Storage Engines: MariaDB supports multiple storage engines, each optimized for specific types of workloads or data storage requirements. Examples include InnoDB, MyISAM, Aria, and ColumnStore.
  • Galera Cluster: A synchronous, multi-master replication solution for MariaDB that allows for high availability, fault tolerance, and load balancing.
  • MaxScale: A database proxy for MariaDB that provides advanced features such as query routing, load balancing, and security.
  • Connectors: MariaDB provides a variety of connectors to allow applications to interact with the database using various programming languages and APIs.


Elasticsearch Architecture

Elasticsearch is a distributed, RESTful search and analytics engine that uses a schema-free JSON document data model. It is built on top of Apache Lucene and provides a high-level API for indexing, searching, and analyzing data. Elasticsearch’s architecture is designed to be horizontally scalable, with data distributed across multiple nodes in a cluster. Data is indexed using inverted indices, which enable fast and efficient full-text searches.

MariaDB Architecture

MariaDB is a relational database that uses the SQL language for querying and data manipulation. Its architecture is based on a client-server model, with clients interacting with the server through various connectors and APIs. MariaDB supports multiple storage engines, allowing users to choose the most suitable engine for their specific use case. The database also offers replication and clustering options for high availability and load balancing.

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Elasticsearch Features

Elasticsearch provides powerful full-text search capabilities with support for complex queries, scoring, and relevance ranking.

Scalability

Elasticsearch’s distributed architecture enables horizontal scalability, allowing it to handle large volumes of data and high query loads.

Aggregations

Elasticsearch supports various aggregation operations, such as sum, average, and percentiles, which are useful for analyzing and summarizing data.

MariaDB Features

Compatibility

MariaDB is fully compatible with MySQL, making it easy to migrate existing MySQL applications and databases.

Storage Engines

MariaDB supports multiple storage engines, allowing users to choose the best option for their specific use case.

Replication and Clustering

MariaDB offers built-in replication and supports Galera Cluster for high availability, fault tolerance, and load balancing. Security: MariaDB provides advanced security features such as data encryption, secure connections, and role-based access control.


Elasticsearch Use Cases

Log and Event Data Analysis

Elasticsearch is widely used for storing and analyzing log and event data, such as web server logs, application logs, and network events, to help identify patterns, troubleshoot issues, and monitor system performance.

Elasticsearch is a popular choice for implementing full-text search functionality in applications, websites, and content management systems due to its powerful search capabilities and flexible data model.

Security Analytics

Elasticsearch, in combination with other Elastic Stack components, can be used for security analytics, such as monitoring network traffic, detecting anomalies, and identifying potential threats.

MariaDB Use Cases

Web Applications

MariaDB is a popular choice for web applications due to its compatibility with MySQL, performance improvements, and open-source nature.

Data Migration

Organizations looking to migrate from MySQL to an open-source alternative can easily transition to MariaDB, thanks to its compatibility and enhanced features.

OLTP Workloads

As a relational database MariaDB is a good fit for any application that requires strong transactional guarantees.


Elasticsearch Pricing Model

Elasticsearch is open-source software and can be self-hosted without any licensing fees. However, operational costs, such as hardware, hosting, and maintenance, should be considered. Elasticsearch also offers a managed cloud service called Elastic Cloud, which provides various pricing tiers based on factors like storage, computing resources, and support. Elastic Cloud includes additional features and tools, such as Kibana, machine learning, and security features.

MariaDB Pricing Model

MariaDB is an open-source database, which means it is free to download, use, and modify. However, for organizations that require professional support, the MariaDB Corporation offers various subscription plans, including MariaDB SkySQL, a fully managed cloud database service. Pricing for support subscriptions and the SkySQL service depends on the chosen plan, service level, and resource usage.